Ancient Europe older than we thought - NG Nov 1977

1. "megalithic" Greek for "megas" large, "lithos", stone.


2. correct carbon dating by tree rings - calibration.


3. found out that west europe's early monuments (eg stonehenge and tombs) were erected way earlier than thought b4: not copying egypt/greece civilisations'.

Battles of the Prophet: short notes [Part 3]

The third Stage

The Battle of Hunain

• After conquest of Makkah, some tribes proceed fighting.
• 12000 Muslims, 10000 from conquest.
• Too confident.
• When arrived at Hunain, the Archers and the attackers stunned the Muslims --> they retreated in disorder and confusion.
• The Muslims then returned to the battlefield and fighting intensifies at the call of the prophet.
• Handful of dusts on enemy's face.
• Reverse of fortunes and enemy's utter defeat.
• ayat2 berkenaan the battle: 9:25-26
• After winning and collecting the booty, the Prophet left for Thaif to face the greatest number of the defeated idolaters.
• Invasion of Thaif : 10K men, led by Khalid al-Walid
• Muslim seige around castle, but shot lots of arrows at.
• to be far from arrows: ascended high place - now its Thaif Mosque
• the seige lasted too long and the castle seemed immune: retreated.
• distribution of previous booty: The Ansars x stuju... the Prophet talked to them. (page 485)
  

The Battle of Tabuk (9H)

• Byzantines prepare to attack.
• Prophet stayed away from wives 1 month: org lain got worried.
• too much paranoia.
• org jahat erected false moque: Masjid Dirar (the mosque of harm) suh the prophet berkati, but it was revealed onto him that its a false mosque.
• The Muslims left for Tabuk: 30 000 fighters.
• the Byzantines and allies x dare fight: so xde fight.
• effect: tribes turned to support Muslims
• Islamic State expanded- touched Byzantine's borders.

The Battle at Ubna

• Rasulullah lantik Usamah bin Zaid, 17 Tahun to lead
• but the Prophet wafat, so under S. Abu Bakar
  

Battles of the Prophet: short notes [Part 2]

The second Stage

The conquest of Khaibar

Dhat-ur-Riqa' Invasion (7H)

• 3rd party (apart from Mekkan and Jews) : desert beduins at Najd
• "expedition of rags" :one camel, 6 ppl alternate, injured feet covered

The battle of Mu'tah (8H)

• Mosty significant & fierce battle -start to the conquest of the land of the Christians
• Mu'tah: borders of Greater Syria, near Baitul Maqdis
• mission: carry letter to ruler of Busra, incercepted by governor of Al-Balqa', close ally to Caesar, the Byzantine Emperor
• big issue: war. 3000 muslims vs 200,000 byzantines (u. Heraclius) + allied arabian tribes
  
• Army leaders: Zaid al Harithah, JAafar Abi Talib, Abdullah bin Rawhah, Thabit al Arqam, Khalid al Walid (all but Khalid were martyred)
  
• Khalid change strategy: introduce forward division from the rear to cast fear into hearts of Byzantine by misleading that fresh forces had arrived.
  
• Byzantines believed they are trapped -stopped. Muslims retreat backt o Madinah, 12 martyrs.
  

The Conquest of Makkah

• Mekkan breached convenant.
• Abu Sufyan & Hind reverted.
• The Messenger prays in Kaabah and delivered an address to the Quraish: page 466.

Battles of the Prophet: short notes [part 1]

First Stage *tengah2*

The Tragedy at the Well of Ma'unah

• they gather firewood to buy food for the people of Ahlus-Suffah by day and study, meditate the meaning of Quran by night.
• birds circling the battleground.
• 70 of the best believers killed in the treachery.
  
• Amr ter kill 2 ppl given protection by the prophet - blood money to be paid: collect from muslim and jews --> cause the invasion of bani an-nadeer later on.

The Invasion of Bani An-Nadeer

• with the Jews.
• a war of conspiracies and hatching intrigues.
• Meeting with the Prophet, Abu Bakr, Ali, Umar to pay blood money, ask them to sit under a wall of their houses and wait.
• plotted to kill the Prophet. --> he knows so they rush back to Madinah
  
• Ultimatum to Bani Nadeer: evacuate Madinah within 10 days.

The Invasion of Al-Ahzab (the Confederates)

• Proposal of Salman al-Farisi to dig trenches of defensive lines.
• treachery of Banu Quraizah
• A man from Ghatafan -declared has embraced Islam secretly: shuttled btween the Jews, Quraish & tribe of Ghatafan to incite each party to let the other down
  

Al-Hudaibiyah Treaty (6H)

• Prophet enters Makkah for Umrah: blocked by Quraisy
• Uthman bin Affan sent as msgr to Quraisy: rumor of death --> Bai'at-ur-Ridhwan (the pledge)
• Hudaibiyah treaty agreed upon
  

The Tipping Point: short notes

characteristics -
contagiousness, little causes can have big effects, changes happened not gradually but one dramatic moment.

three rules -
Law of the Few: connectors, maven, salesmen

-stanley milgram- six degrees of separation experimnt -- 3 same ppl last2.. "connectors"

kenapa? sebab kenal banyak groups of people

Stickiness Factor

Power of the Context: external enviroment, law of 150